Epichloe (chokes)

Interactions where Epichloe is the controlling partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'References').

Stage	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Stage	Relationship	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage
spermatium	spermatium is cross-fertilised by ovipositing female	Botanophila cuspidata	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	spermatium	Animal / gamete vector / cross fertilises	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila cuspidata/	Botanophila cuspidata	a choke fly	ovipositing		female
spermatium	spermatium is cross-fertilised by ovipositing female	Botanophila dissecta	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	spermatium	Animal / gamete vector / cross fertilises	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila dissecta/	Botanophila dissecta	a choke fly	ovipositing		female
spermatium	spermatium is cross-fertilised by ovipositing female	Botanophila laterella	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	spermatium	Animal / gamete vector / cross fertilises	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila laterella/	Botanophila laterella	a choke fly	ovipositing		female
spermatium	spermatium is cross-fertilised by ovipositing female	Botanophila latifrons	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	spermatium	Animal / gamete vector / cross fertilises	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila latifrons/	Botanophila latifrons	a choke fly	ovipositing		female
spermatium	spermatium is cross-fertilised by ovipositing female	Botanophila lobata	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	spermatium	Animal / gamete vector / cross fertilises	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila lobata/	Botanophila lobata	a choke fly	ovipositing		female
spermatium	spermatium is cross-fertilised by ovipositing female	Botanophila phrenione	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008 Fungi, Spooner, B. & Roberts, P., 2005	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	spermatium	Animal / gamete vector / cross fertilises	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila phrenione/	Botanophila phrenione	a choke fly	ovipositing		female
	endophyte within plant	POACEAE	grasses, couch	Poales	Fungi, Spooner, B. & Roberts, P., 2005	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		Foodplant / endophyte	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/	Poaceae	grasses, couch		plant
	is mutualistic with plant	POACEAE	grasses, couch	Poales	Fungi, Spooner, B. & Roberts, P., 2005	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		Foodplant / mutualist	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/	Poaceae	grasses, couch		plant
	infects and damages culms	POACEAE	grasses, couch	Poales	Fungi, Spooner, B. & Roberts, P., 2005	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		Foodplant / pathogen	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/	Poaceae	grasses, couch		culms
stroma	stroma causes gall of stem	POACEAE	grasses, couch	Poales	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	stroma	Foodplant / gall	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/	Poaceae	grasses, couch		stem

Interactions where Epichloe is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive State	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Summary
	stroma is grazed by larva	Botanophila cuspidata	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila cuspidata/	Botanophila cuspidata	a choke fly		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		stroma		larva grazes on stroma
	stroma is grazed by larva	Botanophila dissecta	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Note, Ackland, D.M., 1972 Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila dissecta/	Botanophila dissecta	a choke fly		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		stroma		larva grazes on stroma
	stroma is grazed by larva	Botanophila laterella	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Note, Ackland, D.M., 1972 Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila laterella/	Botanophila laterella	a choke fly		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		stroma		larva grazes on stroma
	stroma is grazed by larva	Botanophila latifrons	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila latifrons/	Botanophila latifrons	a choke fly		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		stroma		larva grazes on stroma
	stroma is grazed by larva	Botanophila lobata	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila lobata/	Botanophila lobata	a choke fly		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		stroma		larva grazes on stroma
	perithecium is parasitised by sporodochium of Clonostachys dematiaceous anamorph	Bionectria epichloë		Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Bionectriaceae/Bionectria epichloë/	Bionectria epichloë		sporodochium	Clonostachys dematiaceous anamorph	Fungus / parasite	Foreign	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes		perithecium		sporodochium of Clonostachys dematiaceous anamorph parasitises perithecium
(developing stromatic)	developing stromatic perithecium is grazed by larva	Botanophila	a genus of anthomyiid flies	Diptera: Anthomyiidae		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila/	Botanophila	a genus of anthomyiid flies		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	developing stromatic	perithecium	Sole	larva grazes on developing stromatic perithecium
(young)	young stroma is grazed by larva	Botanophila phrenione	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008 Fungi, Spooner, B. & Roberts, P., 2005	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila phrenione/	Botanophila phrenione	a choke fly		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	young	stroma	Sole	larva grazes on young stroma
(young)	young perithecium is grazed by larva	Botanophila phrenione	a choke fly	Diptera: Anthomyiidae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008 Fungi, Spooner, B. & Roberts, P., 2005	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Anthomyiidae/Botanophila phrenione/	Botanophila phrenione	a choke fly		larva	Fungus / external feeder		/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe/	Epichloe	chokes	young	perithecium	Sole	larva grazes on young perithecium

Epichloe (chokes) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Epichloe (chokes) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Pyrenomycetes
(charcoal fungi)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Author & Year	Title	Source
Ackland, D.M., 1972	Note	Entomologist 105: 231-232.
Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects	Fungal Biology Reviews Vol 22 (3-4): 131-138.
Spooner, B. & Roberts, P., 2005	Fungi	New Naturalist, 96, 594pp, HarperCollins
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Subtaxon	Rank	No of interactions
Epichloe baconii Bent-grass Choke	Species	6 trophisms
Epichloe bromicola Brome Choke	Species	4 trophisms
Epichloe clarkii Soft-grass Choke	Species	3 trophisms
Epichloe festucae Fescue Choke	Species	9 trophisms
Epichloe sylvatica False-brome Choke	Species	1 trophisms
Epichloe typhina Choke	Species	20 trophisms

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Epichloe (chokes)

Identification Works

	Author	Year	Title	Source
in the field ()	Spooner, B.M. & Kemp, S.L.	2005	Epichloë in Britain	Mycologist Vol 19 (2): 82-87.

Epichloe (chokes) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

HYPOCREALES
(an order of ascomycetes and lichens)

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Pyrenomycetes
(charcoal fungi)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Several flies of the genus Botanophila (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) lay their eggs on this fungus. Females fertilise the fungus by carrying spermatia between Epichloe mycelia.

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Genus	Epichloe (chokes)
Family	CLAVICIPITACEAE (a family of pyrenomycetes)
Order	HYPOCREALES (an order of ascomycetes and lichens)
Subclass	SORDARIOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of ascomycetes and lichens)
Class	SORDARIOMYCETES (a class of ascomycetes)
Subphylum	PEZIZOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of ascomycetes)
Phylum	ASCOMYCOTA (spore shooters, ascomycete)
Kingdom	FUNGI (true fungi)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Epichloe (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul.
(chokes)

Interactions where Epichloe is the controlling partner and gains from the process

Interactions where Epichloe is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Epichloe is also a member of:

Identification Works

General Literature

Pathology

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)