Cladonia P. Browne
(cup lichens)

Interactions where Cladonia is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season
		grows on trunk			[Trees with bark of low pH]	acid-barked trees			/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens					Plant / epiphyte			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Trees with bark of low pH/	Trees with bark of low pH	acid-barked trees			trunk

Interactions where Cladonia is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
		is associate of			Acremonium lichenicola	a lichenicolous anamorphic fungus	Hypocreales	The Lichenicolous Hyphomycetes, Hawksworth, D.L., 1979	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Acremonium lichenicola/	Acremonium lichenicola	a lichenicolous anamorphic fungus					Lichen / associate		Foreign	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens								is associated with
		is associate of			Acremonium rhabdosporum	a lichenicolous anamorphic fungus	Hypocreales	The Lichenicolous Hyphomycetes, Hawksworth, D.L., 1979	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Acremonium rhabdosporum/	Acremonium rhabdosporum	a lichenicolous anamorphic fungus					Lichen / associate		Foreign	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens								is associated with
photobiont		photobiont is kleptoparasitised by apothecium			Diploschistes muscorum	a lichen	Ostropales: Graphidaceae	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales/Graphidaceae/Diploschistes muscorum/	Diploschistes muscorum	a lichen				apothecium	Lichen / kleptoparasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens			photobiont					apothecium kleptoparasitises photobiont
podetium (discoloured brownish)		discoloured brownish podetium is parasitised by pycnidium of Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph			Lichenoconium pyxidatae	a lichenicolous coelomycete	Lichenoconiales: Lichenoconiaceae	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Lichenoconiales/Lichenoconiaceae/Lichenoconium pyxidatae/	Lichenoconium pyxidatae	a lichenicolous coelomycete			pycnidium	Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens		discoloured brownish	podetium					pycnidium of Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph parasitises discoloured brownish podetium
primary thallus (bleached)		bleached primary thallus may be infected and damaged by conidioma of hainesia coelycetous anamorph			Hainesia brevicladoniae	(A Lichenicolous Coelomycete)	Helotiales: Chaetomellaceae	Two new lichenicolous species of Hainesia (asexual Ascomycetes) growing on Cladonia, Diederich, P. & van den Boom, P., 2013	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Chaetomellaceae/Hainesia brevicladoniae/	Hainesia brevicladoniae	(a lichenicolous coelomycete)			conidioma	hainesia coelycetous anamorph	Lichen / pathogen		Foreign	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens		bleached	primary thallus		Sole			conidioma of hainesia coelycetous anamorph infects and damages bleached primary thallus
squamule		squamule is parasitised by apothecium			Bachmanniomyces punctum	a fungus		A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Bachmanniomyces punctum/	Bachmanniomyces punctum	a fungus				apothecium	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens			squamule					apothecium parasitises squamule
squamule		squamule is parasitised by stalked apothecium			Chaenothecopsis parasitaster	a lichenicolous lichen	Mycocaliciales: Mycocaliciaceae	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Mycocaliciales/Mycocaliciaceae/Chaenothecopsis parasitaster/	Chaenothecopsis parasitaster	a lichenicolous lichen		stalked		apothecium	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens			squamule					stalked apothecium parasitises squamule
squamule		squamule is parasitised by perithecium			Roselliniella cladoniae	a lichenicolous fungus	Sordariales	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Sordariales/Roselliniella cladoniae/	Roselliniella cladoniae	a lichenicolous fungus				perithecium	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens			squamule					perithecium parasitises squamule
thallus		thallus is parasitised by perithecium			Lichenosticta alcicornaria	a lichenicolous coelomycete		A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lichenosticta alcicornaria/	Lichenosticta alcicornaria	a lichenicolous coelomycete				perithecium	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Cladoniaceae/Cladonia/	Cladonia	cup lichens			thallus					perithecium parasitises thallus

Author & Year	Title	Source
Diederich, P. & van den Boom, P., 2013	Two new lichenicolous species of Hainesia (asexual Ascomycetes) growing on Cladonia	Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. Vol 114: 59-63.
Hawksworth, D.L., 1979	The Lichenicolous Hyphomycetes	Bull. Br. mus. nat. hist. bot. Vol 6 (3): 183-300.
Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles	44pp, The British Lichen Society

Cladonia (cup lichens) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Cladonia (cup lichens) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Lichenes
(lichens)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Subtaxon				Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
Cladonia arbuscula s. lat. a species sensu lato of lichens				Species sensu lato		2 trophisms
Cladonia bacillaris a lichen				Species		2 trophisms
Cladonia coniocraea a lichen				Species		2 trophisms
Cladonia conista a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia fimbriata a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia foliacea a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia furcata a lichen				Species		3 trophisms
Cladonia gracilis a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia humilis a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia ochrochlora a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia pocillum a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia polydactyla a lichen				Species		2 trophisms
Cladonia rangiformis a lichen				Species		1 trophisms
Cladonia uncialis a lichen				Species		2 trophisms
[Cladonia furcata agg.] a lichen				Informal	1 subtaxa	3 trophisms

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Genus	Cladonia (cup lichens)
Family	CLADONIACEAE (a family of lichens)
Order	LECANORALES (an order of lichens)
Subclass	LECANOROMYCETIDAE (a subclass of lichens)
Class	LECANOROMYCETES (a class of lichens)
Subphylum	PEZIZOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of ascomycetes)
Phylum	ASCOMYCOTA (spore shooters, ascomycete)
Kingdom	FUNGI (true fungi)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Cladonia is also a member of:
Lichenes - lichens (via Lecanoromycetidae)
Micromycetes - microfungi (via Ascomycota)
Fungi s.l. - fungi (in the broad sense) (via Fungi)
Lower Plants - lower plants (via Fungi s.l.)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Cladonia (cup lichens)

Identification Works

Handling & Magnification	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Eversham, B.	2003	Heathland lichens: a key to Cladonia in Beds, Cambs and Northants	http://www.wildlifebcnp.org/ecology-resources.htm
	Hodgetts, N.G.	1992	Cladonia: a field guide	39pp, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough
	Sparrius, L.		De Nederlandse Cladonia’s	www.biodiv.nl/lichens/cladonia/

Cladonia (cup lichens) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Lichenes
(lichens)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Cladonia (cup lichens):

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Lichenes
(lichens)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 235 images of Cladonia (cup lichens)

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