HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

Interactions where HEXAPODA is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
(egg) egg is predated by Macrocheles glaber a predatory mite Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae Checklist of the mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the British Isles, Baker, A.S. & Craven, J.C., 2003
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Mesostigmata/Macrochelidae/Macrocheles glaber/Macrocheles glabera predatory mite Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Hexapoda/Hexapodainsects and other 6-legged organismsegg is predator of egg
(larva) larva is predated by Macrocheles glaber a predatory mite Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae Checklist of the mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the British Isles, Baker, A.S. & Craven, J.C., 2003
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Mesostigmata/Macrochelidae/Macrocheles glaber/Macrocheles glabera predatory mite Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Hexapoda/Hexapodainsects and other 6-legged organismslarva is predator of larva
(small) small is predated by UK/Ireland Androlaelaps casalis an omnivorous mite Mesostigmata: Laelapidae Checklist of the mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the British Isles, Baker, A.S. & Craven, J.C., 2003
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Mesostigmata/Laelapidae/Androlaelaps casalis/Androlaelaps casalisan omnivorous mite Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Hexapoda/Hexapodainsects and other 6-legged organismssmall is predator of small

Author & YearTitleSource
Baker, A.S. & Craven, J.C., 2003Checklist of the mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the British IslesSystematic & Applied Acarology Special Publications Systematic & Applied Acarology Vol 14: 1-20.

HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Class 3 subtaxa 5 trophisms 18 references
Class 2 subtaxa 3 references
Class 6,392 subtaxa 17,277 trophisms 5,644 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
SubphylumHEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
PhylumARTHROPODA (arthropods)
SuperphylumECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
CladeBilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
SubkingdomEUMETAZOA (metazoans)
KingdomANIMALIA (animals)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
American Entomologist

Freshwater

Visser, H. & Veldhuijzen van Zanten, H.H. European Limnofauna wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/limno.php

Regional/Greenland

Böcher, J., Kristensen, N.P., Pape, T. & Vilhelmsen, L. (eds) 2015 The Greenland Entomofauna: An Identification Manual of Insects, Spiders and their allies 898pp, E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press Ltd.

HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Entomological Society of Canada
Barnard, P.C. 2011 The Royal Entomological Society Book of British Insects 383pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Godfrey, A. & Middlebrook, I. 2007 Invertebrates associated with coarse woody debris in stream and rivers in Britain British Wildlife Vol 18 (3): 178-183.

Guide To Identification Literature

Barnard, P.C. (Ed.) 2005 Identifying British Insects and Arachnids: An Annotated Bibliography of Key Works 368pp, Cambridge University Press

Journals

Entomologica Fennica
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology British Museum (Natural History)
Invertebrate Rearing
Physiological Entomology
Bolletino della Societa Entomologica Italiana
Entomol. Gener.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Blackwell Scientific Publications
Systematic Entomology
Entomologica Scandinavica
Entomophaga
Ecological Entomology
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
Bulletin of Entomological Research
Entomologist’s Record and journal of variation
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine Gem Publishing
Entomologist
Entomologist’s Gazette Gem Publishing
Acta entomologica musei nationalis Pragae
Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
Entomologica Americana
Latvijas entomologs Entomological Soceity of Latvia
Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca
Israel Journal of Entomology
Amateur Entomologists’ Society Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society Published for/by:Amateur Entomologists' Society
American Entomological Institute Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Published for/by:American Entomological Institute
American Entomological Society Transactions of the American Entomological Society Published for/by:American Entomological Society
British Entomological and Natural History Society British Journal of Entomology and Natural History Published for/by:British Entomological and Natural History Society, British Entomological and Natural History Society
British Entomological and Natural History Society Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society Published for/by:British Entomological and Natural History Society, British Entomological and Natural History Society
Kansas Entomological Society Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society Published for/by:Kansas Entomological Society
Norwegian Entomological Society Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift Published for/by:Norwegian Entomological Society
Norwegian Entomological Society Norwegian Journal of Entomology (old series) Published for/by:Norwegian Entomological Society
Norwegian Entomological Society Norwegian Journal of Entomology Published for/by:Norwegian Entomological Society

Journals/Plant Pathology

Black, R. New Disease Reports Published for/by:Black, R., The British Society for Plant Pathology

Journals/Regional

New Zealand Entomologist
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
Polish Journal of Entomology (Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne)
Annales Entomologici Fennici
South London Entomological & Natural History Society Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society Published for/by:South London Entomological & Natural History Society

Journals

Royal Entomological Society of London Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Published for/by:Royal Entomological Society of London, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Royal Entomological Society of London Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Published for/by:Royal Entomological Society of London, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Royal Entomological Society of London Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology Published for/by:Royal Entomological Society of London, Wiley
Royal Entomological Society of London Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy Published for/by:Royal Entomological Society of London
Society for British Entomology Transactions of the Society for British Entomology Published for/by:Society for British Entomology
South London Entomological and Natural History Society Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society Published for/by:South London Entomological and Natural History Society
Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden Entomologische Abhandlungen Published for/by:Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden
Université de Liège Entomologie faunistique - Faunistic Entomology Published for/by:Université de Liège

Plant Pathology

Alford, D.V. 2011 Plant Pests HarperCollins

Survey Methodologies

Drake, C.M. 2004 Grazing marsh assemblages and site classification using invertebrates Research Reports, Report no 579, 133pp, English Nature

Techniques

Thomas, A. 2012 A Winter Spider Micscape.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 47,699 images of HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)

Hand Sanitiser Gel is a useful temporary mountant for examination and photographic purposes, of both macroscopic and microscopic subjects. The gel is sufficently viscous to hold an insect in place, once it has been positioned. It also self-supporting and doesn’t flow (so only needs a base, not a full container).

It can also be used as a long term preservative if the container is properly sealed (eg Super Glue).

Initial testing of a water-based sanitiser (Sainsbury’s Sensitive Antibacterial Handwash) found it to be slightly cloudy in use. An alcohol-based formulation (eg Carex, Purell) worked much better and the remaining notes relate to such products.

Despite the high alcohol content immersion in the gel is not an effective way of killing insect specimens. They should first be killed in the normal way eg freezing, by dropping in alcohol or hot water, or by ethyl acetate vapour.

Freshly killed insects can be transferred directly to the gel, then examined or photographed. For photography it’s best to have an optically flat surface, either by placing the gel in a cuvette or by floating a coverslip. For examination, at least at low magnification, the surface of the gel is often adequately flat.

Miscibillity With Other Reagents:

The gel is miscible with ethyl acetate, water and acids (eg white wine vinegar, lactic acid).

Melzer’s Iodine is also miscible so it might be useful to slow movement in slide preps of fungal spores scraped from spore prints.

Surprisingly the gel goes cloudy with 70% IMS, but not with unadulterated ethanol. It similarly goes cloudy with Euparal and Berlese’s fluid (although the latter later clears). Isopropanol may work but was not tested.

Alkaline solutions (10% KOH) are immiscible. Residues go cloudy, while stronger concentrations dissolve the gel.

General use:

Smaller specimens need a slide and coverslip, ideally with some sort of spacer (eg plastazote strips) to hold the coverslip up. Put a generous dollop of gel on the slide and place the insect on top. Push it into the gel, gently stroking the surface of the legs with a needle to remove air bubbles as you push them under. Make sure the subject is entirely immersed. Arrange the appendages symmetrically to your taste. Add an extra blob of gel so that the surface rises in the middle - this avoids air bubbles when you add the coverslip. Add the coverslip and gently press it down.

For larger specimens make a sandwich between two microscope slides (double-width slides are easier to handle, if you can get them). The mount can then be turned over to examine the underside.

For oblique views, use a deeper container with a glass coverslip on top.

Protocol for Genitalia Preps:

Genitalia preps to be macerated in hot KOH solution as usual, then left overnight in acid (white wine vinegar or lactic acid) to neutralise all traces of KOH, before transferring to the gel. Beware that any residual water on the specimen will dilute the gel, so perhaps transfer via a small dab of gel to wash it.

References:
Author & YearTitleSource
Droege, S.Preserving with Hand Sanitizerwww.youtube.com/watch?v=izqFaia_8bU&feature=youtu.be
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