Linaria vulgaris Mill.
(Common Toadflax)

Interactions where Linaria vulgaris is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
		is foodplant of larva			Mecinus janthinus	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Mecinus janthinus/	Mecinus janthinus	a weevil				larva	Foodplant / feeds on			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax								larva feeds on
		is foodplant of larva			Rhinusa antirrhini	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Rhinusa antirrhini/	Rhinusa antirrhini	a weevil				larva	Foodplant / feeds on			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax								larva feeds on
		is foodplant of larva			Rhinusa collina	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Rhinusa collina/	Rhinusa collina	a weevil				larva	Foodplant / feeds on			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax								larva feeds on
		is foodplant of larva			Rhinusa linariae	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Rhinusa linariae/	Rhinusa linariae	a weevil				larva	Foodplant / feeds on			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax								larva feeds on
(live)		live is parasitised by sporangium			Peronospora linariae	a downy mildew	Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae	A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Peronospora linariae/	Peronospora linariae	a downy mildew				sporangium	Foodplant / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live						sporangium parasitises live
leaf		leaf is grazed by adult			Chrysolina haemoptera	Plantain Leaf Beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Chrysolina haemoptera/	Chrysolina haemoptera	plantain leaf beetle				adult	Foodplant / open feeder			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax			leaf			Indoors, in greenhouse, captivity, culture or experimentally induced		adult grazes on leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is grazed by larva			Chrysolina sanguinolenta	Toadflax Leaf Beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Chrysolina sanguinolenta/	Chrysolina sanguinolenta	toadflax leaf beetle				larva	Foodplant / open feeder			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	leaf					larva grazes on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is grazed by adult			Chrysolina sanguinolenta	Toadflax Leaf Beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Chrysolina sanguinolenta/	Chrysolina sanguinolenta	toadflax leaf beetle				adult	Foodplant / open feeder			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	leaf				(3-10)	adult grazes on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is foodplant of amphigenous colony of Didymaria anamorph			Didymaria linariae	an anamorphic fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Didymaria linariae/	Didymaria linariae	an anamorphic fungus		amphigenous	colony	Didymaria anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	leaf					amphigenous colony of Didymaria anamorph feeds on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by amphigenous, punctiform to subeffuse, greyish white caespituli of Ramularia anamorph			Ramularia linariae	an anamorphic fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia linariae/	Ramularia linariae	an anamorphic fungus		amphigenous, punctiform to subeffuse, greyish white	caespituli	Ramularia anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	leaf					amphigenous, punctiform to subeffuse, greyish white caespituli of Ramularia anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf may be infected and damaged by amphigenous colony of Mycocentrospora anamorph			Mycocentrospora linariae	(A Dematiaceous Fungus)	Pleosporales	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Mycocentrospora linariae/	Mycocentrospora linariae	(a dematiaceous fungus)		amphigenous	colony	Mycocentrospora anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	leaf					amphigenous colony of Mycocentrospora anamorph infects and damages live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is parasitised by mostly hypophyllous sorus			Entyloma linariae	a smut fungus	Entylomatales: Entylomataceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Entylomatales/Entylomataceae/Entyloma linariae/	Entyloma linariae	a smut fungus		mostly hypophyllous		sorus	Foodplant / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	leaf				(10)	mostly hypophyllous sorus parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is parasitised by embedded sorus			Melanotaenium cingens	Yellow Toadflax Smut	Ustilaginales: Melanotaeniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Ustilaginales/Melanotaeniaceae/Melanotaenium cingens/	Melanotaenium cingens	yellow toadflax smut		embedded		sorus	Foodplant / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	leaf				(7-8)	embedded sorus parasitises live leaf
stem (live)		live stem is galled by larva			Aulacidea hieracii	Hawkweed Stem-gall Wasp	Hymenoptera: Cynipidae	Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls), Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Aulacidea hieracii/	Aulacidea hieracii	hawkweed stem-gall wasp				larva	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	stem					larva causes gall of live stem
stem (live)		live stem may be infected and damaged by amphigenous colony of Mycocentrospora anamorph			Mycocentrospora linariae	(A Dematiaceous Fungus)	Pleosporales	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Mycocentrospora linariae/	Mycocentrospora linariae	(a dematiaceous fungus)		amphigenous	colony	Mycocentrospora anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	stem					amphigenous colony of Mycocentrospora anamorph infects and damages live stem
stem (live)		live stem is parasitised by embedded sorus			Melanotaenium cingens	Yellow Toadflax Smut	Ustilaginales: Melanotaeniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Ustilaginales/Melanotaeniaceae/Melanotaenium cingens/	Melanotaenium cingens	yellow toadflax smut		embedded		sorus	Foodplant / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Plantaginaceae/Linaria vulgaris/	Linaria vulgaris	common toadflax		live	stem				(7-8)	embedded sorus parasitises live stem

Author & Year	Title	Source
Braun, U., 1995	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 1, 333pp, IHW-Verlag
Braun, U., 1998	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Bullock, J.A., 1992	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations	11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Cox, M.L., 2007	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland	336pp, Pisces Publications
Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963	Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VIII, Part 1 (a), 81pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Preece, T.F., 2002	A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles	33pp, British Mycological Society

Linaria vulgaris (Common Toadflax) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Linaria (Bot.)
(toadflaxes)

PLANTAGINACEAE
(toadflaxes, speedwells, foxgloves and plantains)

EU-DICOTS
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Herbaceous Plants
(herbaceous plants)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Linaria vulgaris (Common Toadflax)
Genus	Linaria (Bot.) (toadflaxes)
Family	PLANTAGINACEAE (toadflaxes, speedwells, foxgloves and plantains)
Order	LAMIALES (dead-nettles, eye-brights, foxgloves and speedwells)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Linaria vulgaris is also a member of:
Herbaceous Plants - herbaceous plants (via Plantaginaceae)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Linaria vulgaris (Common Toadflax)

Linaria vulgaris (Common Toadflax) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Linaria vulgaris (Common Toadflax):

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 14 images of Linaria vulgaris (Common Toadflax)

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