Primula vulgaris Huds.
(Primrose)

Interactions where Primula vulgaris is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is foodplant of UK/IrelandMajor Brachysomus hirtus a weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae Broad-Nosed Weevils (Entiminae), Morris, M.G., 1997
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Brachysomus hirtus/Brachysomus hirtusa weevil Foodplant / feeds onUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseMajor feeds on
(live) live is parasitised by sporangium UK/IrelandMajor Peronospora oerteliana Primula Downy Mildew Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Peronospora oerteliana, Hall, G., 1994
A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Peronospora oerteliana/Peronospora oertelianaprimula downy mildewsporangium Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveMajor (5)sporangium parasitises live
(live) live is parasitised by telium Puccinia primulae Primrose Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia primulae/Puccinia primulaeprimrose rusttelium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroselive (summer)telium parasitises live
anther (live) live anther is parasitised by conidial anamorph UK/IrelandMajor Urocystis primulae Primrose Smut Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Additions and amendments to the list of British smut fungi, Spooner, B.M. & Legon, N.W., 2006
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis primulae/Urocystis primulaeprimrose smutconidial anamorph Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveantherMajor (3)conidial anamorph parasitises live anther
corolla tube (live) live corolla tube may house conidia UK/IrelandMajor Urocystis primulae Primrose Smut Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Additions and amendments to the list of British smut fungi, Spooner, B.M. & Legon, N.W., 2006
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis primulae/Urocystis primulaeprimrose smutconidia Plant / resting place / withinUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroselivecorolla tubeMajor (3)conidia may be found in live corolla tube
flower flower is visited for nectar by adult UK/IrelandMinor Bombylius discolor Dotted Bee-fly Diptera: Bombyliidae The dotted bee-fly (Bombylius discolor Mikan 1796) - A report on the survey and research work undertaken between 1999 and 2003, Gibbs, D., 2004
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Bombyliidae/Bombylius discolor/Bombylius discolordotted bee-flyadult Foodplant / visitor / nectarUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseflowerMinor adult visits for nectar flower
flower (live) live flower is foodplant of adult UK/Ireland Taeniothrips picipes a thrips Thysanoptera: Thripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Thripidae/Taeniothrips picipes/Taeniothrips picipesa thripsadult Foodplant / feeds onUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveflower (3-9)adult feeds on live flower
flower (live) live flower is foodplant of larva UK/Ireland Taeniothrips picipes a thrips Thysanoptera: Thripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Thripidae/Taeniothrips picipes/Taeniothrips picipesa thripslarva Foodplant / feeds onUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveflower (4-9)larva feeds on live flower
leaf-mine leaf-mine may house puparium Major Chromatomyia primulae a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia primulae/Chromatomyia primulaea leaf-mining flypuparium Plant / resting place / within /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseleaf-mineMajor puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, few, punctiform, semi-immersed, central, black pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Septoria primulae a leaf-spot fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria primulae/Septoria primulaea leaf-spot fungusepiphyllous, few, punctiform, semi-immersed, central, blackpycnidiumSeptoria coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseleaf (8-9)epiphyllous, few, punctiform, semi-immersed, central, black pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is mined by larva Major Chromatomyia primulae a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia primulae/Chromatomyia primulaea leaf-mining flylarva Foodplant / miner /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleafMajor larva mines live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by numerous, epiphyllous, usually empty pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Phyllosticta primulicola a coelomycete Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Phyllosticta primulicola/Phyllosticta primulicolaa coelomycetenumerous, epiphyllous, usually emptypycnidiumPhyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf (spring, autumn)numerous, epiphyllous, usually empty pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by colony of Cercosporella anamorph Foreign Cercosporella primulae an anamorphic fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Cercosporella primulae/Cercosporella primulaean anamorphic funguscolonyCercosporella anamorph Foodplant / spot causerForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf colony of Cercosporella anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by hypophyllous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Ramularia interstitialis an anamorphic fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998
Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
Bioimages - the Virtual Field Guide, Storey, M.W., 2015
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia interstitialis/Ramularia interstitialisan anamorphic fungushypophyllouscolonyRamularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf hypophyllous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf has leaves shot holed by amphigenous caespituli of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Ramularia primulae an anamorphic fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia primulae/Ramularia primulaean anamorphic fungusamphigenouscaespituliRamularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foodplant / shot hole causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf (5-6)amphigenous caespituli of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes shot holes on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by amphigenous caespituli of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Ramularia primulae an anamorphic fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia primulae/Ramularia primulaean anamorphic fungusamphigenouscaespituliRamularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf (5-6)amphigenous caespituli of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, pale brown pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Ascochyta primulae a coelomycete Pleosporales Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta primulae/Ascochyta primulaea coelomyceteepiphyllous, pale brownpycnidiumAscochyta coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf (8)epiphyllous, pale brown pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by hypophyllous uredium Puccinia primulae Primrose Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia primulae/Puccinia primulaeprimrose rusthypophyllousuredium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf (summer)hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by hypophyllous aecium Puccinia primulae Primrose Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia primulae/Puccinia primulaeprimrose rusthypophyllousaecium Foodplant / spot causer /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveleaf (spring)hypophyllous aecium causes spots on live leaf
ovary (live) live ovary is parasitised by embedded sorus UK/IrelandMajor Urocystis primulae Primrose Smut Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Additions and amendments to the list of British smut fungi, Spooner, B.M. & Legon, N.W., 2006
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis primulae/Urocystis primulaeprimrose smutembeddedsorus Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveovaryMajor (7-9)embedded sorus parasitises live ovary
ovary (live) live ovary is parasitised by conidial anamorph UK/IrelandMajor Urocystis primulae Primrose Smut Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Additions and amendments to the list of British smut fungi, Spooner, B.M. & Legon, N.W., 2006
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis primulae/Urocystis primulaeprimrose smutconidial anamorph Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroseliveovaryMajor (3)conidial anamorph parasitises live ovary
rootstock rootstock is foodplant of larva Cheilosia antiqua a hoverfly Diptera: Syrphidae Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Cheilosia antiqua/Cheilosia antiquaa hoverflylarva Foodplant / feeds on /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Primulaceae/Primula vulgaris/Primula vulgarisprimroserootstock larva feeds on rootstock

Author & YearTitleSource
Braun, U., 1995Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 1, 333pp, IHW-Verlag
Braun, U., 1998Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol IIPhytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden PlantsCollins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995Fungi of the South East England383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Gibbs, D., 2004The dotted bee-fly (Bombylius discolor Mikan 1796) - A report on the survey and research work undertaken between 1999 and 2003Research Reports, Report no 583, 33pp, English Nature
Grove, W.B., 1935British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidiaVol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Hall, G., 1994Peronospora oertelianaI.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 1197.
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996ThripsNaturalists' Handbooks, 25, 70pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Morris, M.G., 1997Broad-Nosed Weevils (Entiminae)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 17a, 106pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976ThysanopteraHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 1, part 11, 79pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Preece, T.F., 2002A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles33pp, British Mycological Society
Rotheray, G.E., 1993Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and EuropeDiperists Digest Dipterists Digest No. 9.
Spencer, K.A., 1972Diptera: AgromyzidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Spooner, B.M. & Legon, N.W., 2006Additions and amendments to the list of British smut fungiMycologist 20 (3): 90-96.
Storey, M.W., 2015Bioimages - the Virtual Field Guidewww.bioimages.org.uk

Primula vulgaris (Primrose) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesPrimula vulgaris (Primrose)
GenusPrimula (cowslips and primroses)
FamilyPRIMULACEAE (primroses, loosestrifes and pimpernels)
OrderERICALES (heaths, heathers, azaleas, primroses, loosestrifes and balsams)
SubclassEU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
ClassMAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
PhylumTRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
KingdomPLANTAE (plants)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Primula vulgaris (Primrose)

Primula vulgaris (Primrose) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Valentine, D.H. Geographical distribution and isolation in some British ecospecies Dandy, J.E. The Watsonian vice-county system, 9pp, The Study of the Distribution of British Plants

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Primula vulgaris (Primrose):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 92 images of Primula vulgaris (Primrose)
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