Sonchus oleraceus L.
(Smooth Sow-thistle)

Interactions where Sonchus oleraceus is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
		has sap sucked by			Liorhyssus hyalinus	Scentless Plant Bug	Hemiptera: Rhopalidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Rhopalidae/Liorhyssus hyalinus/	Liorhyssus hyalinus	scentless plant bug					Foodplant / sap sucker		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle								sucks sap of
(live)		live is parasitised by			Golovinomyces cichoracearum	a powdery mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Golovinomyces cichoracearum/	Golovinomyces cichoracearum	a powdery mildew					Foodplant / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live						parasitises live
(live)		live is parasitised by uredium			Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Coleosporiaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Coleosporiaceae/Coleosporium tussilaginis/	Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus				uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live						uredium parasitises live
(live)		live is parasitised by telium			Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Coleosporiaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Coleosporiaceae/Coleosporium tussilaginis/	Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus				telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live						telium parasitises live
(live)		live is parasitised by pycnium			Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live			Major			pycnium parasitises live
capitulum		capitulum may contain larva			Ensina sonchi	Sow-thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Ensina sonchi/	Ensina sonchi	sow-thistle fly				larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle			capitulum					larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum		capitulum is swollen by larva			Tephritis formosa	a gall fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Tephritis formosa/	Tephritis formosa	a gall fly				larva	Foodplant / false gall		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle			capitulum					larva causes swelling of capitulum
capitulum		capitulum may contain larva			Trupanea amoena	a gall fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Trupanea amoena/	Trupanea amoena	a gall fly				larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle			capitulum					larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum (live)		live capitulum may contain larva			Acanthiophilus helianthi	Knapweed Ghost	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Acanthiophilus helianthi/	Acanthiophilus helianthi	knapweed ghost				larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	capitulum					larva feeds within live capitulum
leaf (esp. basal) (live)		live leaf (esp. basal) is parasitised by hypophyllous uredium			Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	leaf (esp. basal)		Major			hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf (esp. basal)
leaf (esp. basal) (live)		live leaf (esp. basal) is parasitised by hypophyllous telium			Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus		hypophyllous		telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	leaf (esp. basal)		Major			hypophyllous telium parasitises live leaf (esp. basal)
leaf (esp. basal) (live)		live leaf (esp. basal) is parasitised by uredinoid, amphigenous aecium			Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus		uredinoid, amphigenous		aecium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	leaf (esp. basal)		Major			uredinoid, amphigenous aecium parasitises live leaf (esp. basal)
leaf		leaf is mined by often communal larva			Liriomyza sonchi	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Liriomyza sonchi/	Liriomyza sonchi	a leaf-mining fly		often communal		larva	Foodplant / miner			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle			leaf					often communal larva mines leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is parasitised by sporangium			Bremia lactucae s. lat.	Lettuce Downy Mildew	Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 New British hosts for the downy mildew Bremia lactucae, Legon, N. & Spooner, B., 2015 A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Bremia lactucae s. lat./	Bremia lactucae s. lat.	lettuce downy mildew				sporangium	Foodplant / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	leaf		Minor		(9-10)	sporangium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by immersed, rather crowded, blackish pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph			Ascochyta sonchi	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta sonchi/	Ascochyta sonchi	a coelomycete		immersed, rather crowded, blackish	pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	leaf				(8)	immersed, rather crowded, blackish pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by amphigenous colony of Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph			Alternaria sonchi	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae/Alternaria sonchi/	Alternaria sonchi	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		amphigenous	colony	Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	leaf					amphigenous colony of Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by Spermosporina anamorph			Spermosporina sonchi-oleracei	an anamorphic ascomycete	Plectosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Plectosphaerellaceae/Spermosporina sonchi-oleracei/	Spermosporina sonchi-oleracei	an anamorphic ascomycete				Spermosporina anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	leaf					Spermosporina anamorph causes spots on live leaf
stem		stem is mined by larva			Phytoliriomyza arctica	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytoliriomyza arctica/	Phytoliriomyza arctica	a leaf-mining fly				larva	Foodplant / miner			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle			stem					larva mines stem
stem (live)		live stem is parasitised by telium			Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus				telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus oleraceus/	Sonchus oleraceus	smooth sow-thistle		live	stem		Major			telium parasitises live stem

Author & Year	Title	Source
Braun, U., 1995	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 1, 333pp, IHW-Verlag
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Ing, B., 1990	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews	Mycologist Vol 4 (1) et seq.
Legon, N. & Spooner, B., 2015	New British hosts for the downy mildew Bremia lactucae	Field Mycology Vol 16 (1): 29-32.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Preece, T.F., 2002	A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles	33pp, British Mycological Society
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles	Wayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
White, I.M., 1988	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 5a, 134pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London

Sonchus oleraceus (Smooth Sow-thistle) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Sonchus
(sow thistles)

Lactuceae
(“dandelions”)

ASTERACEAE
(daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)

EU-DICOTS
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Herbaceous Plants
(herbaceous plants)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Sonchus oleraceus (Smooth Sow-thistle)
Genus	Sonchus (sow thistles)
Tribe	Lactuceae (“dandelions”)
Subfamily	LACTUCOIDEAE (“dandelions”)
Family	ASTERACEAE (daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)
Order	ASTERALES (daisies, dandelions, thistles and bell flowers)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Sonchus oleraceus is also a member of:
Herbaceous Plants - herbaceous plants (via Asteraceae)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Sonchus oleraceus (Smooth Sow-thistle)

Sonchus oleraceus (Smooth Sow-thistle) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Lactuceae
(“dandelions”)

ASTERACEAE
(daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Sonchus oleraceus (Smooth Sow-thistle):

Lactuceae
(“dandelions”)

ASTERACEAE
(daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 58 images of Sonchus oleraceus (Smooth Sow-thistle)

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