Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev.
(Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus)

Interactions where Xylaria hypoxylon is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch			Hedera	ivies	Apiales: Araliaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Apiales/Araliaceae/Hedera/	Hedera	ivies		dead, partly buried	branch
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on old stump			Hedera	ivies	Apiales: Araliaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Apiales/Araliaceae/Hedera/	Hedera	ivies		old	stump
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on old stump			Betula	birches	Fagales: Betulaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula/	Betula	birches		old	stump
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch			Betula	birches	Fagales: Betulaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula/	Betula	birches		dead, partly buried	branch
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch			Corylus	hazels	Fagales: Betulaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Corylus/	Corylus	hazels		dead, partly buried	branch
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on old stump			Corylus	hazels	Fagales: Betulaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Corylus/	Corylus	hazels		old	stump
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch			Fraxinus	ashes	Lamiales: Oleaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Oleaceae/Fraxinus/	Fraxinus	ashes		dead, partly buried	branch
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on old stump			Fraxinus	ashes	Lamiales: Oleaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Oleaceae/Fraxinus/	Fraxinus	ashes		old	stump
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch			Salix	willows	Malpighiales: Salicaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Salicaceae/Salix/	Salix	willows		dead, partly buried	branch
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on old stump			Salix	willows	Malpighiales: Salicaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Salicaceae/Salix/	Salix	willows		old	stump
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch			Malus	apples	Rosales: Rosaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, partly buried	branch
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on old stump			Malus	apples	Rosales: Rosaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		old	stump
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch			Ulmus	elms	Rosales: Ulmaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Ulmaceae/Ulmus/	Ulmus	elms		dead, partly buried	branch
stroma (erect)		erect stroma is saprobic on old stump			Ulmus	elms	Rosales: Ulmaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Ulmaceae/Ulmus/	Ulmus	elms		old	stump

Interactions where Xylaria hypoxylon is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
(dead/effete)		dead/effete stroma is decayed by ascomatum			Cosmospora xylariae	a pyrenomycete	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Cosmospora xylariae (Nectriaceae), a new species from France, Germany and U.K., with notes on C. berkeleyana, now Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana, and C. scruposae, Lechat, C. & Fournier, J., 2021	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Cosmospora xylariae/	Cosmospora xylariae	a pyrenomycete				ascomatum	Fungus / saprobe		Foreign	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus		dead/effete		stroma				ascomatum is saprobic on dead/effete stroma

Author & Year	Title	Source
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Lechat, C. & Fournier, J., 2021	Cosmospora xylariae (Nectriaceae), a new species from France, Germany and U.K., with notes on C. berkeleyana, now Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana, and C. scruposae	Ascomycete.org vol 13 (5): 189-196.

Xylaria hypoxylon (Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Xylaria hypoxylon (Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Pyrenomycetes
(charcoal fungi)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Xylaria hypoxylon (Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus)
Genus	Xylaria (a genus of stromatic pyrenomycetes)
Family	XYLARIACEAE (a family of stromatic pyrenomycetes)
Order	XYLARIALES (an order of pyrenomycetes)
Subclass	SORDARIOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of ascomycetes and lichens)
Class	SORDARIOMYCETES (a class of ascomycetes)
Subphylum	PEZIZOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of ascomycetes)
Phylum	ASCOMYCOTA (spore shooters, ascomycete)
Kingdom	FUNGI (true fungi)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Xylaria hypoxylon is also a member of:
Pyrenomycetes - charcoal fungi (via Sordariomycetes)
Micromycetes - microfungi (via Ascomycota)
Fungi s.l. - fungi (in the broad sense) (via Fungi)
Lower Plants - lower plants (via Fungi s.l.)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Xylaria hypoxylon (Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus)

Xylaria hypoxylon (Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Xylaria
(a genus of stromatic pyrenomycetes)

XYLARIACEAE
(a family of stromatic pyrenomycetes)

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Pyrenomycetes
(charcoal fungi)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Xylaria hypoxylon (Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus):

Xylaria
(a genus of stromatic pyrenomycetes)

XYLARIACEAE
(a family of stromatic pyrenomycetes)

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Pyrenomycetes
(charcoal fungi)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 14 images of Xylaria hypoxylon (Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus)

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