Milesina blechni (Syd. & P. Syd.) Arthur ex Faull
(Hard Fern Rust)

Interactions where Milesina blechni is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season
aecium (hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib)		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib aecium parasitises needle			Abies alba	European Silver-fir	Pinales: Pinaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib		aecium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Abies alba/	Abies alba	european silver-fir			needle
aecium (hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib)		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib aecium parasitises needle			Abies alba	European Silver-fir	Pinales: Pinaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib		aecium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Abies alba/	Abies alba	european silver-fir			needle
pycnium		pycnium parasitises needle			Abies alba	European Silver-fir	Pinales: Pinaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Abies alba/	Abies alba	european silver-fir			needle
aecium (hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib)		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib aecium parasitises needle			Abies amabilis	Red Silver-fir	Pinales: Pinaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib		aecium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Abies amabilis/	Abies amabilis	red silver-fir			needle
pycnium		pycnium parasitises needle			Abies amabilis	Red Silver-fir	Pinales: Pinaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Abies amabilis/	Abies amabilis	red silver-fir			needle
aecium (hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib)		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib aecium parasitises needle			Abies cephalonica	Greek Fir	Pinales: Pinaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust		hypophyllous, in rows either side of midrib		aecium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Abies cephalonica/	Abies cephalonica	Greek fir			needle
pycnium		pycnium parasitises needle			Abies cephalonica	Greek Fir	Pinales: Pinaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Abies cephalonica/	Abies cephalonica	Greek fir			needle
telium		telium causes spots on live, over-wintered frond			Blechnum spicant	Hard Fern, Hard-fern	Polypodiales: Blechnaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust				telium	Foodplant / spot causer			/Plantae/Pteridophyta/Polypodiopsida/Polypodiales/Blechnaceae/Blechnum spicant/	Blechnum spicant	hard fern, hard-fern		live, over-wintered	frond		Sole
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live, over-wintered frond			Blechnum spicant	Hard Fern, Hard-fern	Polypodiales: Blechnaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Milesina blechni/	Milesina blechni	hard fern rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Pteridophyta/Polypodiopsida/Polypodiales/Blechnaceae/Blechnum spicant/	Blechnum spicant	hard fern, hard-fern		live, over-wintered	frond		Sole		(1-12)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Milesina blechni (Hard Fern Rust) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Milesina blechni (Hard Fern Rust) may be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

PUCCINIALES
(rust fungi)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Milesina blechni (Hard Fern Rust)
Genus	Milesina (a genus of fern rusts)
Family	PUCCINIASTRACEAE (a family of rust fungi)
Order	PUCCINIALES (rust fungi)
Class	PUCCINIOMYCETES (rust fungi etc)
Subphylum	PUCCINIOMYCOTINA (rust fungi etc)
Phylum	BASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers, basidiomycetes)
Kingdom	FUNGI (true fungi)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Milesina blechni is also a member of:
Micromycetes - microfungi (via Pucciniomycetes)
Fungi s.l. - fungi (in the broad sense) (via Fungi)
Lower Plants - lower plants (via Fungi s.l.)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Milesina blechni (Hard Fern Rust)

Milesina blechni (Hard Fern Rust) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Milesina
(a genus of fern rusts)

PUCCINIALES
(rust fungi)

PUCCINIOMYCETES
(rust fungi etc)

BASIDIOMYCOTA
(spore droppers, basidiomycetes)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Milesina blechni (Hard Fern Rust):

Milesina
(a genus of fern rusts)

PUCCINIALES
(rust fungi)

PUCCINIOMYCETES
(rust fungi etc)

BASIDIOMYCOTA
(spore droppers, basidiomycetes)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Widespread and not uncommon, but apparently absent from inland England.

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