Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle)

Interactions where Cirsium vulgare is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Season	Summary
	is foodplant of larva	Larinus planus	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Larinus planus/	Larinus planus	a weevil			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of larva	Rhinocyllus conicus	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Rhinocyllus conicus/	Rhinocyllus conicus	a weevil			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of larva	Terellia serratulae	a gall fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia serratulae/	Terellia serratulae	a gall fly			larva	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle							larva feeds on
	is parasitised by	Erysiphe mayorii	a powdery mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Erysiphe mayorii/	Erysiphe mayorii	a powdery mildew				Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle							parasitises
(live)	live is parasitised by sporangium	Bremia lactucae	Lettuce Downy Mildew	Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae	A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Bremia lactucae/	Bremia lactucae	lettuce downy mildew			sporangium	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live			Rare		sporangium parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by	Golovinomyces cichoracearum	a powdery mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Golovinomyces cichoracearum/	Golovinomyces cichoracearum	a powdery mildew				Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live			Major		parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by pycnium	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus			pycnium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live			Major		pycnium parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by aecium	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus			aecium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live			Major		aecium parasitises live
achene	achene is galled by larva	Urophora stylata	Spear-thistle Gall-fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Plant Galls, Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992 Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora stylata/	Urophora stylata	spear-thistle gall-fly			larva	Foodplant / gall	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			achene		Major	(-9)	larva causes gall of achene
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Chaetostomella cylindrica	a gall fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Chaetostomella cylindrica/	Chaetostomella cylindrica	a gall fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle	?		capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Ensina sonchi	Sow-thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Ensina sonchi/	Ensina sonchi	sow-thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Tephritis cometa	Rayed Thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Tephritis cometa/	Tephritis cometa	rayed thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Tephritis conura	Melancholy Thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Tephritis conura/	Tephritis conura	melancholy thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle	?		capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Terellia tussilaginis	Banded Burdock Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia tussilaginis/	Terellia tussilaginis	banded burdock fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			capitulum		Rare		larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Xyphosia miliaria	Mottled Thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Xyphosia miliaria/	Xyphosia miliaria	mottled thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum (live)	live capitulum may contain larva	Acanthiophilus helianthi	Knapweed Ghost	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Acanthiophilus helianthi/	Acanthiophilus helianthi	knapweed ghost			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle	?	live	capitulum				larva feeds within live capitulum
involucre	involucre has sap sucked by nymph	Tingis cardui	Spear Thistle Lacebug	Hemiptera: Tingidae	The Natural History of Spear Thistle-heads, Redfern, M., 1968 Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Tingidae/Tingis (Tingis) cardui/	Tingis (Tingis) cardui	spear thistle lacebug			nymph	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			involucre			(7-10)	nymph sucks sap of involucre
involucre	involucre has sap sucked by adult	Tingis cardui	Spear Thistle Lacebug	Hemiptera: Tingidae	The Natural History of Spear Thistle-heads, Redfern, M., 1968 Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Tingidae/Tingis (Tingis) cardui/	Tingis (Tingis) cardui	spear thistle lacebug			adult	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			involucre			(8-7)	adult sucks sap of involucre
leaf (upper surface) (windowed)	windowed leaf (upper surface) is grazed by hidden under carried excrement larva	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Lema cyanella/	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle	hidden under carried excrement		larva	Foodplant / open feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		windowed	leaf (upper surface)				hidden under carried excrement larva grazes on windowed leaf (upper surface)
leaf-mine	leaf-mine may house puparium	Phytomyza autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza autumnalis/	Phytomyza autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly			puparium	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			leaf-mine				puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf	leaf is grazed by adult	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Lema cyanella/	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle			adult	Foodplant / open feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			leaf			(1-12)	adult grazes on leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Phytomyza autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza autumnalis/	Phytomyza autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly			larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			leaf				larva mines leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph	Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun	an anamorphic fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun/	Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun	an anamorphic fungus	amphigenous	colony	Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live	leaf				amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous uredium	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus	amphigenous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live	leaf		Major		amphigenous uredium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous telium	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus	amphigenous		telium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live	leaf		Major		amphigenous telium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous telium	Puccinia cnici-oleracei	Yarrow Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici-oleracei/	Puccinia cnici-oleracei	yarrow rust	amphigenous		telium	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		live	leaf		Minor	(7-11)	amphigenous telium parasitises live leaf
receptacle	receptacle is galled by larva	Urophora stylata	Spear-thistle Gall-fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Plant Galls, Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992 Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora stylata/	Urophora stylata	spear-thistle gall-fly			larva	Foodplant / gall	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			receptacle		Major	(-9)	larva causes gall of receptacle
root (after stem)	root (after stem) of multi-stemmed plant may contain larva	Cheilosia grossa	a hoverfly	Diptera: Syrphidae	Recording Cheilosia albipila and C. grossa by searching for larvae in thistles, Ball, S., Morris, R. & Stubbs, A., 2008 Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Cheilosia grossa/	Cheilosia grossa	a hoverfly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			root (after stem)	multi-stemmed plant		(6-7)	larva feeds within root (after stem) of multi-stemmed plant
stem (then root)	stem (then root) of multi-stemmed plant may contain larva	Cheilosia grossa	a hoverfly	Diptera: Syrphidae	Recording Cheilosia albipila and C. grossa by searching for larvae in thistles, Ball, S., Morris, R. & Stubbs, A., 2008 Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Cheilosia grossa/	Cheilosia grossa	a hoverfly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			stem (then root)	multi-stemmed plant		(6-7)	larva feeds within stem (then root) of multi-stemmed plant
stem?	stem? may contain larva	Ceratapion carduorum	a seed weevil	Coleoptera: Apionidae	Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Apionidae/Ceratapion (Ceratapion) carduorum/	Ceratapion (Ceratapion) carduorum	a seed weevil			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle			stem?		Major		larva feeds within stem?
stem (dead, red stained (epidermis))	dead, red stained (epidermis) stem is decayed by immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Phoma rubella	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma rubella/	Phoma rubella	a coelomycete	immersed	pycnidium	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		dead, red stained (epidermis)	stem			(4-5)	immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead, red stained (epidermis) stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by partly immersed pseudothecium	Leptosphaeria purpurea	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Leptosphaeriaceae/Leptosphaeria purpurea/	Leptosphaeria purpurea	an ascomycete	partly immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		dead	stem			(6-7)	partly immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Paraleptosphaeria macrospora	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Leptosphaeriaceae/Paraleptosphaeria macrospora/	Paraleptosphaeria macrospora	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		dead	stem			(4-6)	immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Nodulosphaeria dolioloides	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Nodulosphaeria dolioloides/	Nodulosphaeria dolioloides	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		dead	stem				immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Ophiobolus acuminatus	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Ophiobolus acuminatus/	Ophiobolus acuminatus	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/	Cirsium vulgare	spear thistle		dead	stem		Major	(3-6)	immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem

Species	Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle)
Genus	Cirsium (thistle)
Tribe	Cardueae (“thistles”)
Subfamily	LACTUCOIDEAE (“dandelions”)
Family	ASTERACEAE (daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)
Order	ASTERALES (daisies, dandelions, thistles and bell flowers)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
(Spear Thistle)

Interactions where Cirsium vulgare is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Cirsium vulgare is also a member of:

General Literature

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Ball, S., Morris, R. & Stubbs, A., 2008	Recording Cheilosia albipila and C. grossa by searching for larvae in thistles
Braun, U., 1998	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Bullock, J.A., 1992	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations	11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Cox, M.L., 2007	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland	336pp, Pisces Publications
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Ing, B., 1990	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews	Mycologist Vol 4 (1) et seq.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Morris, M.G., 1990	Orthocerous Weevils	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5 Part 16, 108pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Preece, T.F., 2002	A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles	33pp, British Mycological Society
Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992	Plant Galls	Naturalists’ Handbooks, No 17, 99pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Redfern, M., 1968	The Natural History of Spear Thistle-heads	Field Studies Vol 2, No 5: 669-717.
Rotheray, G.E., 1993	Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe	Diperists Digest No. 9
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles	Wayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
White, I.M., 1988	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 5a, 134pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London