Epipactis purpurata Sm.
(Violet Helleborine)

Interactions where Epipactis purpurata is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
(live) live root parasitises live mycelium [Ectomycorrhizal fungi] fungi that form ectomycorrhizae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
 /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Epipactis purpurata/Epipactis purpurataviolet helleborineliveroot Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Ectomycorrhizal fungi/Ectomycorrhizal fungifungi that form ectomycorrhizaelivemycelium

Interactions where Epipactis purpurata is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
flower is pollinated or fertilised by adult Major Vespula a genus of social wasps Hymenoptera: Vespidae Flora of the British Isles, Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985
Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Vespula/Vespulaa genus of social waspsadult Plant / pollinated /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Epipactis purpurata/Epipactis purpurataviolet helleborineflowerMajor adult pollinates or fertilises flower
nectar (fermented) fermented nectar is parasitised by colony of dematiaceous Cladosporium anamorph Foreign Cladosporium a genus of dematiaceous hyphomycetes Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae The fruit-wasp root to toxic nectar in Epipactis orchids?, Ehlers, B.K. & Olesen, J.M., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Cladosporiaceae/Cladosporium/Cladosporiuma genus of dematiaceous hyphomycetescolonydematiaceous Cladosporium anamorph Foodplant / parasiteForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Epipactis purpurata/Epipactis purpurataviolet helleborinefermentednectar colony of dematiaceous Cladosporium anamorph parasitises fermented nectar
root (live) live root is mycorrhizal host of live mycelium Questionable [Ectomycorrhizal fungi] fungi that form ectomycorrhizae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
 /Fungi/Ectomycorrhizal fungi/Ectomycorrhizal fungifungi that form ectomycorrhizaelivemycelium Foodplant / mycorrhizaRelationship uncertain /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Epipactis purpurata/Epipactis purpurataviolet helleborineliveroot live mycelium is mycorrhizal with live root

Author & YearTitleSource
Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985Flora of the British Isles3 edition, 688pp, Cambridge University Press
Ehlers, B.K. & Olesen, J.M., 1997The fruit-wasp root to toxic nectar in Epipactis orchids?Flora 192: 223-229.
Harrap, A. & S., 2009Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide2nd edition, 480pp, A&C Black Publishers Ltd

Epipactis purpurata (Violet Helleborine) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesEpipactis purpurata (Violet Helleborine)
GenusEpipactis (Epipactis helleborines)
FamilyORCHIDACEAE (orchids)
OrderASPARAGALES (orchids, daffodils, onions & irises)
ClassMAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
PhylumTRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
KingdomPLANTAE (plants)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Epipactis purpurata (Violet Helleborine)

Epipactis purpurata (Violet Helleborine) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Brodman, J., Twele, R., Francke, W., Hölzler, G., Zhang, Q-H. & Ayasse, M. 2008 Orchids mimic green-leaf volatiles to attract prey-hunting wasps for pollination Current Biology Vol 18, Issue 10: 740-744.
Ehlers, B.K. & Olesen, J.M. 1997 The fruit-wasp root to toxic nectar in Epipactis orchids? Flora 192: 223-229.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Epipactis purpurata (Violet Helleborine):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 27 images of Epipactis purpurata (Violet Helleborine)
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