Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

Interactions where LEPIDOPTERA is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Summary
	caterpillar may be infected by	Bacillus thuringiensis	BT		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Firmicutes/Bacilli/Bacillus thuringiensis/	Bacillus thuringiensis	BT				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar		infects caterpillar
	is endoparasitised by larva	Pollenia	clusterflies	Diptera: Polleniidae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Polleniidae/Pollenia/	Pollenia	clusterflies			larva	Animal / parasite / endoparasite		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths				Minor	larva endoparasitises
	is endoparasitised by larva	Sarcophaga albiceps	a flesh fly	Diptera: Sarcophagidae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Sarcophagidae/Sarcophaga albiceps/	Sarcophaga albiceps	a flesh fly			larva	Animal / parasite / endoparasite		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths					larva endoparasitises
	is endoparasitised by larva	Sarcophaga jacobsoni	a flesh fly	Diptera: Sarcophagidae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Sarcophagidae/Sarcophaga jacobsoni/	Sarcophaga jacobsoni	a flesh fly			larva	Animal / parasite / endoparasite		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths				Minor	larva endoparasitises
	larva is endoparasitoid host of larva	Blondelia nigripes	a parasitoid fly	Diptera: Tachinidae	Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae), Belshaw, R., 1993	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tachinidae/Blondelia nigripes/	Blondelia nigripes	a parasitoid fly			larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid	Foreign	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva	Major	larva is endoparasitoid of larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Ammophila pubescens	Heath Sand Wasp	Hymenoptera: Sphecidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Sphecidae/Ammophila pubescens/	Ammophila pubescens	heath sand wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Podalonia affinis	Mud Wasp	Hymenoptera: Sphecidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Sphecidae/Podalonia affinis/	Podalonia affinis	mud wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Podalonia hirsuta	Hairy Sand Wasp	Hymenoptera: Sphecidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Sphecidae/Podalonia hirsuta/	Podalonia hirsuta	hairy sand wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Bethylus cephalotes	a bethylid wasp	Hymenoptera: Bethylidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Bethylidae/Bethylus cephalotes/	Bethylus cephalotes	a bethylid wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Ancistrocerus gazella	a potter wasp or mason wasp	Hymenoptera: Vespidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Ancistrocerus gazella/	Ancistrocerus gazella	a potter wasp or mason wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Ancistrocerus trifasciatus	a potter wasp or mason wasp	Hymenoptera: Vespidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Ancistrocerus trifasciatus/	Ancistrocerus trifasciatus	a potter wasp or mason wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Microdynerus exilis	a potter wasp or mason wasp	Hymenoptera: Vespidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Microdynerus exilis/	Microdynerus exilis	a potter wasp or mason wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Odynerus spinipes	Spiny Mason Wasp	Hymenoptera: Vespidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Odynerus spinipes/	Odynerus spinipes	spiny mason wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	larva is taken to the nest of female	Symmorphus bifasciatus	a potter wasp or mason wasp	Hymenoptera: Vespidae	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Symmorphus bifasciatus/	Symmorphus bifasciatus	a potter wasp or mason wasp			female	Animal / predator / stocks nest with	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva		female stocks nest with larva
	egg is endoparasitoid host of solitary larva	Trichogramma brassicae	a chalcid wasp	Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Trichogrammatidae/Trichogramma brassicae/	Trichogramma brassicae	a chalcid wasp	solitary		larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			egg	Sole	solitary larva is endoparasitoid of egg
	caterpillar is predated by	Himacerus apterus	Tree Damsel Bug	Hemiptera: Nabidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Nabidae/Himacerus (Himacerus) apterus/	Himacerus (Himacerus) apterus	tree damsel bug				Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar		is predator of caterpillar
	caterpillar is predated by	Nabis ferus	Field Damsel Bug	Hemiptera: Nabidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Nabidae/Nabis (Nabis) ferus/	Nabis (Nabis) ferus	field damsel bug				Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar		is predator of caterpillar
	egg is predated by adult	Orthotylus tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/	Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug			adult	Animal / predator	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			egg		adult is predator of egg
	larva (young) is predated by adult	Orthotylus tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/	Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug			adult	Animal / predator	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva (young)		adult is predator of larva (young)
	larva (young) is predated by nymph	Orthotylus tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/	Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug			nymph	Animal / predator	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			larva (young)		nymph is predator of larva (young)
	egg is predated by nymph	Orthotylus tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/	Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus	a plantbug or grassbug			nymph	Animal / predator	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			egg		nymph is predator of egg
	caterpillar is predated by solitary nymph (3rd instar onwards)	Picromerus bidens	Spined Shieldbug, Spiked Shieldbug	Hemiptera: Pentatomidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Picromerus bidens/	Picromerus bidens	spined shieldbug, spiked shieldbug	solitary		nymph (3rd instar onwards)	Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar	Major	solitary nymph (3rd instar onwards) is predator of caterpillar
	caterpillar is predated by adult	Picromerus bidens	Spined Shieldbug, Spiked Shieldbug	Hemiptera: Pentatomidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Picromerus bidens/	Picromerus bidens	spined shieldbug, spiked shieldbug			adult	Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar	Major	adult is predator of caterpillar
	caterpillar is predated by nymph	Troilus luridus	Bronze Shieldbug	Hemiptera: Pentatomidae	Some foods of Heteroptera larvae in the wild, Hawkins, R.D., 1985	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Troilus luridus/	Troilus luridus	bronze shieldbug			nymph	Animal / predator	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar		nymph is predator of caterpillar
	caterpillar is predated by adult	Troilus luridus	Bronze Shieldbug	Hemiptera: Pentatomidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Troilus luridus/	Troilus luridus	bronze shieldbug			adult	Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar		adult is predator of caterpillar
	adult is predated by adult	Troilus luridus	Bronze Shieldbug	Hemiptera: Pentatomidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Troilus luridus/	Troilus luridus	bronze shieldbug			adult	Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			adult		adult is predator of adult
	caterpillar is predated by adult	Pentatoma rufipes	Forest Bug, Red-legged Shield Bug	Hemiptera: Pentatomidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Pentatoma rufipes/	Pentatoma rufipes	forest bug, red-legged shield bug			adult	Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			caterpillar		adult is predator of caterpillar
	leaf-spinnings may attract colony	Chaitophorus tremulae	a hairy aphid	Hemiptera: Aphididae	Homoptera - Aphidoidea (Part): Chaitophoridae & Callaphididae, Stroyan, H.L.G., 1977	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Chaitophorus tremulae/	Chaitophorus tremulae	a hairy aphid			colony	Animal / associate		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			leaf-spinnings		colony is associated with leaf-spinnings
	is parasitised by Akanthomyces anamorph	Akanthomyces aculeatus	an anamorphic fungus	Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Akanthomyces aculeatus/	Akanthomyces aculeatus	an anamorphic fungus			Akanthomyces anamorph	Animal / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths					Akanthomyces anamorph parasitises
	pupa is parasitoid host of gregarious stroma	Cordyceps tuberculata	Dwarf Caterpillarclub	Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae	British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps tuberculata/	Cordyceps tuberculata	dwarf caterpillarclub	gregarious		stroma	Animal / parasitoid		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			pupa		gregarious stroma is parasitoid of pupa
	imago is parasitoid host of gregarious stroma	Cordyceps tuberculata	Dwarf Caterpillarclub	Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae	British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps tuberculata/	Cordyceps tuberculata	dwarf caterpillarclub	gregarious		stroma	Animal / parasitoid		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			imago		gregarious stroma is parasitoid of imago
	adult is predated by leaf	Pinguicula vulgaris	Common Butterwort	Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae	Insectivorous Plants, Darwin, C., 1875	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Lentibulariaceae/Pinguicula vulgaris/	Pinguicula vulgaris	common butterwort		leaf		Animal / predator		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths			adult	Minor	leaf is predator of adult
(buried (usually))	buried (usually) pupa is parasitoid host of solitary (usually) stroma	Cordyceps militaris	Scarlet Caterpillarclub, Scarlet Caterpillar Fungus	Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae	British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps militaris/	Cordyceps militaris	scarlet caterpillarclub, scarlet caterpillar fungus	solitary (usually)		stroma	Animal / parasitoid		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths	buried (usually)		pupa		solitary (usually) stroma is parasitoid of buried (usually) pupa
(buried (usually))	buried (usually) larva is parasitoid host of solitary (usually) stroma	Cordyceps militaris	Scarlet Caterpillarclub, Scarlet Caterpillar Fungus	Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae	British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps militaris/	Cordyceps militaris	scarlet caterpillarclub, scarlet caterpillar fungus	solitary (usually)		stroma	Animal / parasitoid		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths	buried (usually)		larva		solitary (usually) stroma is parasitoid of buried (usually) larva
(buried)	buried larva is parasitoid host of solitary (usually) stroma	Ophiocordyceps gracilis	an ascomycete	Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae	British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978 Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Ophiocordycipitaceae/Ophiocordyceps gracilis/	Ophiocordyceps gracilis	an ascomycete	solitary (usually)		stroma	Animal / parasitoid	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths	buried		larva		solitary (usually) stroma is parasitoid of buried larva
(live)	live adult may be infected by	Conidiobolus thromboides	an entomophagous fungus	Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae	Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982	/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Ancylistaceae/Conidiobolus thromboides/	Conidiobolus thromboides	an entomophagous fungus				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths	live		adult		infects live adult
(live)	live larva may be infected by	Erynia radicans	an entomophagous fungus	Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae	Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982	/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Entomophthoraceae/Erynia radicans/	Erynia radicans	an entomophagous fungus				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths	live		larva		infects live larva
adult (live)	live adult may be infected by	Entomophaga aulicae	an entomophagous fungus	Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae	Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982	/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Entomophthoraceae/Entomophaga aulicae/	Entomophaga aulicae	an entomophagous fungus				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths	live	adult			infects live adult
frass	frass of caterpillar dung may support colony of Clonostachys anamorph	Clonostachys simmonsii	an anamorphic fungus	Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Bionectriaceae/Clonostachys simmonsii/	Clonostachys simmonsii	an anamorphic fungus		colony	Clonostachys anamorph	Animal / dung / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/	Lepidoptera	butterflies and moths		frass	caterpillar		colony of Clonostachys anamorph is saprobic in/on dung or excretions of frass of caterpillar

Subtaxon	Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
AGONOXENIDAE a family of micro-moths	Family			1 references
CATOCALINAE a subfamily of shuttle moths	Subfamily			1 references
CTENUCHIDAE a family of moths	Family			1 references
GLOSSATA a suborder of moths	Suborder	545 subtaxa	1,161 trophisms	497 references
OPHIDERINAE a subfamily of shuttle moths	Subfamily			1 references
PHYLLOCNISTIDAE a family of micro-moths	Family			1 references
RHOPALOCERA butterflies	Suborder	1 subtaxa		7 references
SPHINGOIDEA hawk or sphinx moths	Superfamily			2 references
THAUMETOPOEIDAE processionary moths	Family			1 references
ZEUGLOPTERA jawed micro-moths	Suborder	1 subtaxa		1 references
[Leaf-miner moths] moths with leaf-mining larvae	Informal	87 subtaxa	179 trophisms	67 references
[Microlepidoptera] micro-moths	Informal	572 subtaxa	1,175 trophisms	418 references

Order	LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths)
Division	Endopterygota (bees, beetles, flies, moths and other insects with wings developing internally)
Infraclass	Neoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
Subclass	PTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
Class	INSECTA (true insects)
Subphylum	HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
Phylum	ARTHROPODA (arthropods)
Superphylum	ECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
Clade	Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
Subkingdom	EUMETAZOA (metazoans)
Kingdom	ANIMALIA (animals)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Handling & Magnification	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Anon.		Insects & Spiders from Finland	www.kolumbus.fi/hannu.j.tanner/coleoptera/
	Anon.		Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa	www.leps.it/
	Anon.		What’s Flying tonight?	www.suffolkmoths.org.uk/cgi-bin/flyingTonight.cgi
	Anon		Northumberland Moths: id tips	www.northumberlandmoths.org.uk/idtips.php
	Davis, B.N.K.	1991	Insects on Nettles	Naturalists' Handbooks, 1, 2 edition, 68pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
()	Emmet, A.M., Langmaid, J. & Heath J.	1983	Micropterigidae to Heliozelidae (vol 1)	The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol 1, 343pp, Harley Books
	Gustafsson, B.		Svenska fjärilar	www2.nrm.se/en/svenska_fjarilar/svenska_fjarilar.html
	Higgott, J.		UK Lepidoptera	jeffhiggott.topcities.com/lepidoptera/lepidoptera.html
	Kimber, I.		UK Moths	ukmoths.org.uk
	Lewis, C.		British Lepidoptera	britishlepidoptera.weebly.com/
()	Meyrick, E.	1927	* A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera *(Superseded)	E. W. Classey
	Nippe, B	2000	Atlas der Raupen europäischer und kleinasiatischer Schmetterlinge	96pp, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil
	Rackham, B. & T.		Moth ids: Identifying common species using photos and simple observation of the adult moths	www.bettonyb.co.uk/picture_lists.html
	Savela, M.		Lepidoptera and some other life forms	www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/intro.html
	South, R.	1961	* The Moths of the British Isles *(Superseded)	Wayside and Woodland Series, 2 volumes, 427 & 379pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
	Unger, M.		Moths and butterflies of Sweden	www.lepidoptera.se/en
	Whitfield, J.B. & Wagner, D.L.	1991	Annotated key to the genera of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) attacking leafmining Lepidoptera in the Holarctic Region	Journal of Natural History Vol 25: 733-754.
	Wuilbaut, J.J.		Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut)	users.skynet.be/jjw.myco.mons
Caterpillars
	Anon		Illustrated Guide to British Caterpillars	www.wildlifeinsight.com/guide-to-british-caterpillars/
	Buckler, W.	1899	The larvae of the British butterflies and moths	9 volumes, The Ray Society, London
	Fry, R.		Eggs, Larvae and Pupae of Butterflies and Moths	www.ukleps.org
	Silvonen, K.		Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera	www.kolumbus.fi/silvonen/lnel/species.htm
Conifer Feeders
	Clifton, J. & Wheeler, J.	2012	Conifer Moths of the British Isles: a Field Guide to Coniferous-feeding Lepidoptera	Clifton & Wheeler
Flying Tonight
	Anon.		Fliyng tonight?	www.norfolkmoths.co.uk/micros.php?flightarrivals=yes&showthumbs=yes&listmonth
	Prichard, T.		What’s flying tonight?	www.suffolkmoths.org.uk/flyingTonight.html
Host Plants
()	Kirk, W.D.J.	1992	Insects on Cabbages and Oilseed Rape	Naturalists' Handbooks, 18, 66pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Larval Foodplants
	Northumberland Moths		Find moths by larval food plants	www.northumberlandmoths.org.uk/foodsearch.php
Microscopy
	Goodey, B.		The Dissection Group	www.dissectiongroup.co.uk
On Cherry Trees
	Leather, S.R. & Bland, K.P.	1999	Insects on cherry trees	82pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
On Docks
	Salt, D.T. & Whittaker, J.B.	1998	Insects on dock plants	56pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
On Thistles
	Redfern, M.	1995	Insects and Thistles	Naturalists' Handbooks, No 4, Second (revised) edition, 70pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Plant Galls
()	Redfern, M. & Shirley, P.	2011	British Plant Galls	AIDGAP Keys, Second edition, 432pp, Field Studies Council
()	Redfern, M. & Shirley, P.	2002	* British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi *(Superseded)	AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council
()	Stubbs, F.B. (Editor)	1986	* Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls *(Superseded)	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)
Pupae
	Patocka, J. & Turcani, M.	2005	Lepidoptera Pupae: Central European Species	863pp, Apollo Books
Stored Product Pests
	Mound, L. (ed)	1989	Common Insects of Stored Products: a guide to their identification	Economic Series, No 15, Seventh Edition edition, 68pp, British Museum (Natural History)

Author	Year	Title	Source
Anon.		UK Leps discussion group
Anon.		UK Moths discussion group
Anon.		Moths Ireland
Anon.		Breeding UK Leps discussion group
Friedrich, E. (translated by S. Whitbread)	1986	Breeding Butterflies and Moths - a handbook for British and European species.	176pp, Harley Books
Fry, R.		Caterpillar: external structures	www.ukleps.org/Webpics/Wp4.jpg
Mappes, J., Kokko, H., Ojala, K. & Lindstrom, L.	2014	Seasonal changes in predator community switch the direction of selection for prey defences	Nature Communications Vol 5.
May, P. & White, M.	2006	Preparing and maintaining a collection of Butterflies and Moths	21pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Sokoloff, P.	1980	Practical Hints for Collecting and Studying the Microlepidotera	Amateur Entomologist, Vol No 16, 40pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Dead Wood
Alexander, K.N.A.	2002	The Invertebrates of Living and Decaying Timber in Britain and Ireland - a Provisional Annotated Checklist	Research Reports, Report no 467, 142pp, English Nature
Food Plants
Winter, T.G.	1974	New host records of Lepidoptera associated with afforestation in Britain	Ent. Gazette 25: 247-258.
Journals
		Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
Microscopy
Clifton, J.		Moth Dissection Guide	http://www.angleps.com/Dissection%20Guide.pdf
Cribb, P.W.	1972	An Amateur’s Guide to the Study of the Genitalia of Lepidoptera	AES Leaflet, No. 34, 16pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Migrants
Nash, S.		Migrant Recorders Network discussion group
Parasitology
Hammond, H.E. & Smith, K.G.V.	1957	On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part 3: records of Tachinidae (Dipt.), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae and Scelionidae (Hym.)	Ent. Gazette 8: 181-189.
Hammond, H.E. & Smith, K.G.V.	1955	On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part 2: misc. records of Phoridae, Larvaevoridae (Dipt.), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae and Eulophidae (Hym.)	Ent. Gazette 6: 168-174.
Hammond, H.E. & Smith, K.G.V.	1953	On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part 1: with a description of Frontina laeta Mg., (Dipt: Larvaevoridae)	Ent. Gazette 4: 273-279.
Pathology
Varkonyi, G. & Roslin, T.	2013	Freezing cold yet diverse: dissecting a high-Arctic parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts	Canadian Entomology Vol 145: 193-218.
Suppliers
Anon.		Polybags Ltd	www.polybags.co.uk

LEPIDOPTERA
(butterflies and moths)

Interactions where LEPIDOPTERA is the dominant partner and gains from the process

Interactions where LEPIDOPTERA is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

LEPIDOPTERA is also a member of:

Identification Works

Caterpillars

Conifer Feeders

Flying Tonight

Host Plants

Larval Foodplants

Microscopy

On Cherry Trees

On Docks

On Thistles

Plant Galls

Pupae

Stored Product Pests

General Works

Dead Wood

Food Plants

Journals

Microscopy

Migrants

Parasitology

Pathology

Suppliers

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Belshaw, R., 1993	Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 10, Part 4a(i), 169pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Darwin, C., 1875	Insectivorous Plants	463pp
Dennis, R.W.G., 1978	British Ascomycetes	Revised and enlarged edition, 585pp, J. Cramer
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Harrap, A. & S., 2009	Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide	2nd edition, 480pp, A&C Black Publishers Ltd
Hawkins, R.D., 1985	Some foods of Heteroptera larvae in the wild	Het News No 6: 3.
Macdonald, M.A., 2007	Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles	Wayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Stroyan, H.L.G., 1977	Homoptera - Aphidoidea (Part): Chaitophoridae & Callaphididae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 2, Part 4(a), 130pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(a), 133pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982	Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato	Bull. Br. mycol Soc. 16, 113-143, 1982 Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. 16 (2): 113-143.