Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood, 1870)
(Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale)

Interactions where Pulvinaria floccifera is the controlling partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'References').

Stage		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Ilex aquifolium	Holly	Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009 Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Aquifoliales/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex aquifolium/	Ilex aquifolium	holly		live	leaf		Major
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Euonymus	spindles	Celastrales: Celastraceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009 Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Kalmia	sheep- and bog-laurels	Ericales: Ericaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Ericaceae/Kalmia/	Kalmia	sheep- and bog-laurels		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Pieris japonica	Lily Of The Valley Bush	Ericales: Ericaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Ericaceae/Pieris japonica/	Pieris japonica	lily of the valley bush		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Rhododendron	rhododendrons and azaleas	Ericales: Ericaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009 Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Ericaceae/Rhododendron/	Rhododendron	rhododendrons and azaleas		live	leaf		Major
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Camellia	camellias	Ericales: Theaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009 Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Theaceae/Camellia/	Camellia	camellias		live	leaf		Major
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Pyracantha	firethorns	Rosales: Rosaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyracantha/	Pyracantha	firethorns		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Choisya	Mexican oranges	Sapindales: Rutaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Rutaceae/Choisya/	Choisya	Mexican oranges		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Citrus	oranges and lemons	Sapindales: Rutaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Rutaceae/Citrus/	Citrus	oranges and lemons		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Laurus nobilis	Bay, Bay Laurel	Laurales: Lauraceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Laurales/Lauraceae/Laurus nobilis/	Laurus nobilis	bay, bay laurel		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Magnolia	magnolias	Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Magnoliales/Magnoliaceae/Magnolia/	Magnolia	magnolias		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Juniperus	junipers	Pinales: Cupressaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Cupressaceae/Juniperus/	Juniperus	junipers		live	leaf
(hypophyllous)		hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf			Taxus baccata	Yew	Pinales: Taxaceae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Taxaceae/Taxus baccata/	Taxus baccata	yew		live	leaf		Major

Pulvinaria floccifera (Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

INSECTA
(true insects)

Pulvinaria floccifera (Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale) may be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

COCCOIDEA
(scale insects, coccids)

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Anon., 2009	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest	Plant Clinic News June 09: 1.
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain	BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST. Vol 30: 145-153.

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Pulvinaria floccifera (Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale)
Genus	Pulvinaria (a genus of scale insects)
Family	COCCIDAE (soft scales)
Superfamily	COCCOIDEA (scale insects, coccids)
Suborder	STERNORRHYNCHA (a suborder of bugs)
Order	HEMIPTERA (bugs)
Division	Exopterygota (earwigs, grasshoppers, stoneflies, true bugs, and other insects with wings developing externally)
Infraclass	Neoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
Subclass	PTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
Class	INSECTA (true insects)
Subphylum	HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
Phylum	ARTHROPODA (arthropods)
Superphylum	ECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
Clade	Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
Subkingdom	EUMETAZOA (metazoans)
Kingdom	ANIMALIA (animals)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Pulvinaria floccifera is also a member of:
Invertebrates - Invertebrates (via Arthropoda)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Pulvinaria floccifera (Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale)

Identification Works

	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Anon.	2009	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest	Plant Clinic News June 09: 1.

Pulvinaria floccifera (Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Pulvinaria
(a genus of scale insects)

COCCIDAE
(soft scales)

COCCOIDEA
(scale insects, coccids)

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Pulvinaria floccifera (Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale):

Pulvinaria
(a genus of scale insects)

COCCIDAE
(soft scales)

COCCOIDEA
(scale insects, coccids)

STERNORRHYNCHA
(a suborder of bugs)

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

PTERYGOTA
(bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

EUMETAZOA
(metazoans)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

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